Plot Summary of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House

Plot Summary of Henrik Ibsen's 'A Doll's House' Written in 1879 by Norwegian writer Henrik Ibsen, A Dolls House is a three-demonstration play about an apparently commonplace housewife who gets disappointed and disappointed with her deigning spouse. Act One: Meet the Helmers Set around Christmas time, Nora Helmer enters her home, really getting a charge out of life. An old widow companion from quite a while ago, Mrs. Linde, stops by wanting to get a new line of work. Noras spouse Torvald as of late earned an advancement, so she joyfully discovers work for Mrs. Linde. At the point when her companion gripes how hard the years have been, Nora answers that her life has been loaded up with difficulties as well. Nora cautiously clarifies that quite a while back, when Torvald Helmer was exceptionally sick, she manufactured her dead dads signature so as to wrongfully acquire an advance. From that point forward, she has been taking care of the advance stealthily. She has never disclosed to her significant other in light of the fact that she realizes it would disturb him. Lamentably, a severe bank worker named Nils Krogstad is the man who gathers the obligation installments. Realizing that Torvald is destined to be advanced, he has a go at utilizing his insight into her phony to extort Nora. He needs to guarantee his situation at the bank; else, he will uncover reality to Torvald and maybe even the police. This new development significantly disturbs Nora. Notwithstanding, she keeps reality disguised from her better half, just as Dr. Rank, a sort yet wiped out old companion of the Helmers. She attempts to occupy herself by playing with her three youngsters. Be that as it may, by the consummation of Act One, she starts to feel caught and urgent. Act Two: Nora Tries to Keep Her Secret During the time demonstration, Nora attempts to come up with approaches to forestall Krogstad from uncovering reality. She has attempted to constrain her significant other, requesting that he let Krogstad keep his activity. Be that as it may, Helmer accepts the man has criminal propensities. In this manner, he is set on expelling Krogstad from his post. Nora has a go at asking Dr. Rank for help, yet she is put off when Dr. Rank turns out to be excessively coy with her and cases that he thinks about her the same amount of, if not more, than her significant other. Afterward, the Helmers get ready for a vacation ball. Torvald watches Nora play out a conventional people move. He is frustrated that she has overlooked a lot of what he has instructed her. Here, the crowd observers one of the numerous scenes in which Torvald disparages his significant other just as she were a youngster or his play-thing. (Consequently, Ibsen named the play: A Dolls House). Torvald continually calls her pet names, for example, my warbler and my little squirrel. However, he never addresses her with any level of common regard. In the long run, Mrs. Linde reveals to Nora that she had a sentimental connection to Krogstad before and that she can maybe convince him to yield. In any case, Krogstad doesn't influence in his position. Before the finish of Act Two, it appears that Torvald will undoubtedly find reality. Nora is embarrassed about this chance. She considers bouncing into a frosty waterway. She accepts that in the event that she doesn't carry out self destruction, Torvald will fearlessly accept accountability for her violations. She accepts that he would go to prison rather than her. In this way, she needs to forfeit herself for his advantage. Act Three: Nora and Torvald'sBig Transformation Mrs. Linde and Krogstad meet without precedent for years. From the start, Krogstad is severe towards her, yet she before long revives their sentimental enthusiasm toward each other. Krogstad even has a difference in heart and considers destroying Noras IOU. Be that as it may, Mrs. Linde trusts it would be ideal if Torvald and Nora at long last face reality. In the wake of coming back from the gathering, Nora and Torvald loosen up at home. Torvald talks about how he appreciates watching her at parties, imagining that he is experiencing her just because. Dr. Rank thumps on the entryway, intruding on the discussion. He bids farewell to them, implying that he will quiet himself down in his room until his disorder at last successes. After Dr. Positions takeoff, Torvald finds Krogstads implicating note. At the point when he understands the criminal demonstration that Nora has carried out, Torvald gets irritated. He smolder about how Krogstad would now be able to make any request he wishes. He announces that Nora is indecent, unfit as a spouse and mother. Far more terrible, Torvald says that he will keep on being hitched to her in name alone. He needs to have no sentimental association with her at all. The incongruity of this scene is that prior minutes, Torvald was talking about how he wanted that Nora confronted a type of hazard, with the goal that he could demonstrate his adoration for her. However, when that hazard is really introduced, he has no expectation of sparing her, lone denouncing her activities. Minutes after Torvald raves like a psycho, Krogstad drops another note saying that he has rediscovered love and that he no longer needs to coerce the Helmer family. Torvald cheers, announcing that they are spared. He at that point, in a snapshot of sheer fraud, expresses that he excuses Nora and that he despite everything cherishes her as his little confined lark. This is a surprising reminder for Nora Helmer. Instantly, she understands that Torvald isn't the cherishing, benevolent spouse she had once imagined. With that revelation, she additionally comes to comprehend that their marriage has been an untruth and that she herself has been a functioning part in the trickery. She at that point chooses to leave her better half and her youngsters so as to discover who she really is. Torvald frantically implores her to remain. He asserts that he will change. She says that maybe if a supernatural occurrence of wonders happens they may one day become appropriate sidekicks. Be that as it may, when she leaves, hammering the entryway behind her, Torvald is left with next to no expectation.

Our Day Out by Willy Russell Essay -- Special Needs Britain Our Day Ou

Our Day Out by Willy Russell For our subsequent module, we took a gander at the investigation of the play ‘Our Day Out’ by Willy Russell. The play is about an uncommon needs class from Liverpool going on a day out to Wales, and the various difficulties they put their instructors Mr. Briggs and Mrs. Kay through (like taking creatures from a zoo). We needed to pick three key minutes that we thought were the most significant segments from the play and where we thought show was manufactured around. For us, the key characters in the story are Mr. Briggs, a severe instructor Mrs. Kay, a gentler instructor, and Carol, a calm understudy in the unique needs class. We utilized distinctive explorative techniques while creating and playing out our dramatization. This exposition is the reaction to the play. Our first key second that we picked was a discussion between the headmistress and Mr. Briggs. We thought this was a key second on the grounds that it demonstrated a drop in Mr. Briggs’ status. We got to this end after a gathering conversation. We chose to tough situation the characters in request to create them. We needed to discover how Mr. Briggs truly felt about not having the complete position. Mr. Briggs formed into a severe stickler who detested the vast majority. Anyway Mrs. Kay formed into a sweet nurturing type educator. Our second key second was Mrs. Kay guarding herself and replying back during a conflict with Mr. Briggs. We concluded this was a key second since it let us demonstrate a totally extraordinary side to Mrs. Kay. We utilized idea following so we could show the crowd Mrs. Kay’s genuine outrage. Anyway the entertainer playing Mrs. Briggs thought that it was hard to adjust to the adjustment in character. To support her and the dramatization out, we utilized the explorative methodology gathering theater so w... ...ned her status. Mr. Briggs reacted by appearing to recoil so there was an obvious change in status. Our last key second was set apart by an aside by Mr. Briggs. The last key second shows Mr. Briggs obliterating the film after the outing. We indicated him pulverizing the film as an aside with the goal that the crowd knew something that the characters didn’t: Dramatic Irony. There was no exchange during the aside which made it substantially more compelling. The aside likewise recommended that Mr. Briggs didn’t change at all and that it was every one of the a demonstration. It built up the audience’s abhorrence of Briggs significantly more. Mr. Briggs in any case, recaptured his status indeed as he was the main character left in front of an audience and he was the all important focal point so everyone's eyes were on him. By and large I think our key minutes were precise and the explorative procedures we utilized helped us build up our characters and our dramatization.

Article About Advantage Phone in School

As indicated by a recent report by the Pew Research Center, 75 percent of adolescents ages 12 to 17 own a cell phone and utilize that telephone for every day correspondence through talking and content informing. Albeit cell phones might be an interruption in schools, there are numerous points of interest to youngsters keeping and utilizing their portable phonesâ€among them various instructive and enlightening cell phone applications and the capacity to pinpoint a missing adolescent's area through GPS tracking.One of the greatest focal points to a youngster having a cell phone is the capacity to call a crisis administration if there should be an occurrence of a mishap or a towing administration in the event of a tire victory while driving. As indicated by the 2008 investigation directed by the Pew Research Center, 75 percent of Americans guarantee to have utilized their cell phones in crisis circumstances. Crisis offices likewise bolster the utilization of cell phones during a cris is by encouraging individuals to include the letters ICE (for â€Å"in instance of emergency†) before specific names in their cell phone registry to assign who ought to be brought in the event of an emergency.Many new telephones additionally incorporate GPS area innovation, permitting guardians to pinpoint the area of their adolescents or to find lost or taken telephones. Cell phones permit adolescents to stay in contact with their companions, yet additionally with relatives, schools and crisis administrations. Facebook and other web based life applications take into consideration moment reports on a youngster's status, and cell phones have reformed significant distance correspondence by including significant distance calling choices in their administration plans.The capacity to send moment instant messages is an additional preferred position, however it ought to be stayed away from while driving. As per the Pew Research Center's 2008 investigation, an expected 88 percent of high school cell phones clients utilize their telephones to associate through content informing. Cell phones empower young people and undergrads the same to download course addresses, exercise plans and different applications intended to help in education.Many applications give books in advanced configuration, much like a Kindle, while different applications, for example, the USA Today or the New York Times application, gather each part of the print paper so it fits in the palm of an adolescent's hand. Also, various enlightening and instructive digital recordings, just as classes recorded in webcast group, are accessible for moment download to most cell phones. primary thought 1. PDAs as an Aid in Emergency Situations * capacity to call a crisis administration if there should be an occurrence of a mishap or a towing administration incorporate GPS area innovation, permitting guardians to pinpoint the area of their youngsters or to find lost or taken telephones. 2. Mobile phones as a Means to Connect * permit young people to stay in contact with their companions, yet additionally with relatives, schools and crisis administrations. 3. Phones as Wellness and Educational Tools * empower young people and understudies the same to download course addresses, exercise plans and different applications intended to help in instruction.

Bipolar Disorder - National Institute of Mental Health - Free Essay Example

According to the National Institute of Health approximately 5.7 million adults in America are diagnosed with some form of Bipolar disorder every year, making up 2.6% of the population. At least 25% of patients diagnosed with Bipolar disorder will attempt to or will commit suicide in their lifetime (NIH, Jamison,2017). Bipolar disorder is a mental health illness that is classified by mood swings from deep depression to mania or hypomania. There are three main types of Bipolar disorder, all classified by how often the cycling of moods is experienced as well as the type of mania or depression experienced by the patient. Many patients who suffer from Bipolar also suffer from other mental health conditions such as anxiety or post traumatic stress disorder (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Because this disorder manifests itself in many ways it can be hard to identify and diagnose, often being confused with depression or in some cases schizophrenia. It has been found that a patients family may exacerbate or trigger manic or depressive episodes, but family therapy and intervention can help stabilize the person with Bipolar (Miklowitz,2007). Studies show that diagnosing children with Bipolar disorder can be difficult because it can be confused with symptoms of other mental illnesses or trauma, but if untreated the consequences can be extremely severe and even deadly (Sutton,2013). Bipolar disorder occurs equally in men and women, and equa lly across all races and religions, but the type of bipolar disorder tends to vary among genders. People with relatives who have Bipolar are also much more likely to have the disorder themselves, with the likelihood increasing with the amount of relatives. Although Bipolar disorder can be difficult to pinpoint, once it has been diagnosed the patient has many treatment steps they can take, including individual and family therapy and medication. The typical onset age of Bipolar disorder is 25 (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017), but it can present itself at any age, although it may be harder to diagnose and may be confused with other mental health illnesses. Bipolar disorder can only be diagnosed by a mental health professional and the type of Bipolar that is diagnosed is qualified by multiple criteria, such as the frequency of mood cycling, or whether the patient experiences mania or hypomania. Mania and hypomania are different in that mania can be more destructive and severe, and mania can also trigger a psychotic break, while hypomania tends to be less severe and cause less damage in the persons personal life and relationships (Mayo Clinic,2018). Some symptoms of mania and hypomania include: Racing thoughts, a lack of need for sleep, false sense of self-confidence, and impulsive or risky financial or sexual behaviors. Some symptoms of a major depressive episode include: Fatigue or energy loss, significant gain in sleep or insomnia, lack of enjoyment in activities that the patient used to enjoy, and feelings of immense sadness, hopelessness or lack of motivation (Mayo Clinic,2018). Bipolar I disorder is classified by one manic episode that is preceded by or followed by depressive or hypomanic episodes. Bipolar II is classified by one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode, but does not necessarily include mania. A diagnosis for Cyclothymic disorder requires two years containing many hypomanic and depressive episodes (Mayo Clinic,2018). Bipolar disorder is currently the sixth leading cause of disability in the world (NIH,2017) and it occurs equally across all socio-economic platforms, religions, and places in the world. Men and women are equally susceptible to bipolar disorder, but women are three times more likely to experience Bipolar in a rapid cycling form (NIH,2017). Women are also much more likely to experience the disorder with mainly depressive episodes than men. A major problem when it comes to diagnosing children with Bipolar disorder (although it affects approximately 750,000 children a year (Sutton,2013)), is that it doesnt seem to follow typical mood cycling patterns typically found in the disorder, because mania and depression tend to manifest differently in younger people. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance as many as 80% of children with Bipolar disorder are undiagnosed for up to ten years before receiving appropriate treatment. This difficulty in diagnosing stems from the fact that at such a young age, the childs behaviors may be confused for ADHD, Depressive disorders, or may be attributed to typical experiences of puberty. Having so many undiagnosed adolescents and children is dangerous and often causes problems in the patients life. Children with undiagnosed Bipolar are at an increased risk of experiencing difficulty in academics, and are higher risk of having learning disabilities. Adolescents with undiagnosed Bipolar disorder are also 40-50% more likely to experience alcohol or drug abuse (Sutton,2013). They also tend to experience a much greater difficulty maintaining healthy friendships and relationships, even with family members. Although as of right now there is no definitive cause of Bipolar disorder, multiple factors have been found to exacerbate it, or make it more likely. Currently it is believed that the disorder is partially caused by the malfunction of three brain chemicals: Serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline (Psych central, 2018). Bipolar has also been found to be a hereditary disease, with the likelihood increasing if one or both parents have the disorder. If one parent has Bipolar disorder the likelihood of the child having it spikes by 15%, and if both parents have it, the likelihood of the child developing the disorder is 40% greater (Mayo Clinic,2018). Environmental factors can als affect when the disorder begins to manifest itself outwardly. Traumatic events may trigger a depressive episode, and alcohol or drug use may trigger manic episodes or even psychotic breaks. Family has also been shown to greatly affect the cycling of moods in a person with Bipolar Disorder. Research has implicated the role of psycho-social stressors, including high expressed emotion attitudes among family members, in the relapse- remission course of the disorder (Miklowitz,2007). In families where high expressed emotion attitudes are common, such as intense criticism, hostility, and/or emotional overinvolvement negative interactions tend to occur more often and may trigger Irritability in the person with Bipolar disorder, and may be linked to causing manic or hypomanic episodes, which in turn causes more high expressed-emotion interactions from the parent or family member (Miklowitz,2007). Family focused treatment has been shown to help resolve these high emotion-expressed situations, and also teaches parents and family of the person with Bipolar disorder how to recognize symptoms of an episode and how to act in ways that wont further trigger them. Some components of fam ily focused treatment include psychoeducation, communication enhancement treatment, and problem-solving skills training. Even though theres currently no cure for Bipolar, there are many treatments that can help maintain stability in someone with the disorder. Many people choose with Bipolar choose medications to stabilize their moods. Many psychiatrists recommend anti- convulsants (anti-seizure) medications such as Lithium or Topiramate, while others recommend anti- psychotics like Risperidone or Ziprasidone. Some choose to also undergo therapy that also acts as education about their disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, and family therapy have all been shown to aid stabilization. Educating oneself about Bipolar disorder can also help stabilization because it teaches the patient how to recognize symptoms of mania or depression. Summary Bipolar disorder affects 2.6% of the American population, and is the sixth leading cause of disability in the world. It affects men, women, and all races and classes of people indiscriminately, as well as children. Bipolar disorder is often harder to diagnose in children, and can cause many problems for them in adolescence. There is no definitive cause of Bipolar disorder, but there are multiple factors that are suspected to be responsible; including hereditary genetics, neurotransmission failure and environmental factors including the family of the person with Bipolar disorder. Manic and depressive episodes can be triggered by high expressed-emotion families, but this can be counteracted through family therapy. There is no current cure for Bipolar, but through consistent therapy and the proper medication, people with the disorder can live relatively stable lives. Discussion I chose the topic of Bipolar disorder because not only do I find it to be interesting, I was diagnosed with mixed state Bipolar disorder six years ago. I always enjoying having reasons to educate myself on issues that affect my life on a day to day basis. The topic I chose was one of the options given, but It also relates to the course specifically because it is mentioned in chapter 15 under the unit about psychological disorders. Much of the information in this paper I was already aware considering I live with the disorder every day, but something interesting I learned about was high expressive-emotion families and how that can trigger mania. That was something I took note of because that cycle of criticism and interference from my parents leading to irritation on my part was something I could relate to. I think that family focused treatment could help me and my family understand my disorder better, so I will definitely keep that information with me moving forward.

Kant s Good Will Theory - 1219 Words

Sofia Hughes 817212455 Philosophy 330 Philosophy 330: Major Exam #1 A. According to Kant’s Good Will theory, â€Å"good will† means to act out of an overarching sense of duty and rightness. In order for an action to be borne of good will, it must be done solely because it is the right thing to do, and not because of the results that the action will bring. The only thing, Kant says, that is good without qualification is good will itself. In order for something to be good without qualification, it must be good on every occasion that it is used. Kant supplies three categories of things that are good, but only with qualification: talents of the mind, qualities of temperament, and gifts of fortune or nature. These three categories can only be good when they are had in conjunction with good will. The will is only good through its motives and intentions. B. Kant’s categorical imperative, put simply, is something that must be done. It is a law in itself, and is necessary and unequivocal. It is to be treated as law by all people independent of the desires of the individual, and must be done. This is different from the hypothetical imperative in that the hypothetical imperative is an action done to bring about a specific outcome, and is specific only to the individual who desires that outcome. The categorical imperative applies to all people and must be done regardless of the outcome. For Kant, the moral imperative is the categorical imperative, because it can be applied to a person’sShow MoreRelatedKant s Good Will Theory1219 Words   |  5 Pages According to Kant’s Good Will theory, â€Å"good will† means to act out of an overarching sense of duty and rightness. In order for an action to be borne of good will, it must be done solely because it is the right thing to do, and not because of the results that the action will bring. The only thing, Kant says, that is good without qualification is good will itself. In order for something to be good without qualification, it must be good on every occasion that it is used. Kant supplies three categoriesRead More Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation977 Words   |  4 PagesEthical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation I Recall the distinction between metaethics and normative ethics. Normative ethics deals with substantial ethical issues, such as, What is intrinsically good? What are our moral obligations? Metaethics deals with philosophical issues about ethics: What is value or moral obligation? Are there ethical facts? What sort of objectivity is possible in ethics? How can we have ethical knowledge? Recall, also, the fundamentalRead MoreKant s Theory Of Morality982 Words   |  4 PagesImmanuel Kant is said by many to be one of the most influential â€Å"thinkers† in the history of Western philosophy (McCormick, n.d.), this being said, most of his theories continue to be taught and are highly respected by society. Kant was a firm believer that the morality of any action can be assessed by the motivation behind it (McCormick, n.d.). In other words, if an action is good but the intention behind the action is not good, the action itself would be considered immoral. Those who follow theRead MoreKant s Theory Of Moral Theory1466 Words   |  6 Pagessince Kant s publication of his renowned ethical treatises, deontologists and utilitarians alike have argued over which moral theory is most coherent. 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His ethical theory elucidates that morality is when weRead MoreKant And John Stuart Mill s Utility Based, Utilitarian Moral Theory1551 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most intriguing aspects of moral theory is not merely analyzing disagreements between renowned, intellectual giants, but examining the ways in which near polar ideologies can arise to similar conclusions based on vastly different rationales. Immanuel Kant s duty-based, deontological moral theory and John Stuart Mi ll s utility-based, utilitarian moral theory are prime examples of antithetical viewpoints that share similar outlooks to ethical subjects such as lying and helping those inRead MoreWhat Has Posterity Ever Done For Me By Robert Heilbroner1626 Words   |  7 Pagesregards to preserving the planet. In this paper, I will present Heilbroner s arguments for posterity, in relation to how we treat our environment. In addition, I will compare two ethical theories, Kant s Categorical Imperative to Mill s theory of Utilitarianism. I will then argue as to why Utilitarianism is more plausible in respect to Heilbroner s environmental view on posterity. Furthermore, I will point out why Kantian theory does not at all support the idea of environmental preservation for futureRead MoreThe Ethics Of Non Voluntary Active Euthanasia1050 Words   |  5 Pagesduty and obligation. A medical professional in such situations have an obligation to fulfill the patient s wishes. The nature of their obligation does not sway based on what they personally think. Patients with dementia have some moments of clarity, but because their brains are still deteriorating, non- voluntary active euthanasia should still be permissible under these conditions. 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Introduction According to Immanuel Kant the driving force behind our actions should be dictated by what is inherently good as sole consideration and not be based upon the effects of what such actions may produce such as the case in the consequentialist theory of cause. In this essay Kant’s ethical non-consequentialist theory will be briefly investigated and a comparison drawn between the two different theories in order to establish merit in employment thereof in practice. 2. Kantian Morality Central

Terrorism from Above vs.Terrorism from Below - 1236 Words

Terrorism from above is known as state terrorism, state terrorism is not always a straightforward process in fact it is usually a covert, secret policy that allows states to claim deniability when accused of sponsoring terrorism. There are several ways to spot terrorism from above and can be included many different aspects. Sponsors of terrorism in terrorism from above, this means the state actively promotes terrorism and has been deemed what the U.S. call a rogue state. There are also enablers of state terrorism, enablers are states that operate in a manner to which being part of the problem means not just failing to cooperate fully in countering terrorism, but also doing some things that help enable it to occur. Links between regims and terrorism can range from very clear lines of sponsorship to indefinable associations. When a government is using terrorism as an instrument of statecraft they can often control the degree of their involvement so that any incidents of terrorism c annot be traced back to the government. We can then conclude that state sponsorship of terrorism is not as straightforward as it seems. It is usually a covert policy that allows for the state to claim plausible deniability when accused of sponsoring terrorism. Because of these parameters a distinction must be made between state patronage and assistance. State patronage for terrorism refers to either participation and/or encouragement of terrorism and terrorist behavior. It basically means

Financial Information Offers Considerable †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Information Offers Considerable Support? Answer: Introducation At the time of preparing the plan of audit in the context of DIPL, the analytical method associated with financial information offers considerable support. On the contrary, audit plan helps in giving the required directions and instructions to the auditors while carrying out the operations of audit. In a precise manner, the plan of audit provides the auditors with an opportunity in maintaining the cost of audit to a specific degree for curbing any sort of confusion with the clients (Chou 2015). The analytical method related to the financial information of the organisation denotes the method of transferring financial information from various financial organisational announcements. The method of evaluating financial information of the organisations could be conducted through specific mechanisms. This analytical method helps in assessing the financial information, which would enable the financial analysts and accountants for making certain financial and accounting decisions. The analytical approach is common size that enables in the method of dissecting the financial announcements of the firm from pertinent reference points. The fundamental advantage is that it lends support to differentiate the financial statements from specific timelines (Cohen and Simnett 2014). With the help of financial reports, the financial analysts and accountants could utilise different lines of items along with the checking the preparation base for the organisations. For instance, the method of registration of different financial and accounting items in financial statements like overall liabilities, owners equity and assets could be adjudged along with investigation of detour from the regular position. The major analytical method of financial information is benchmarking and it is possible to use this method for dissecting the audit plan of the organisation. In addition, this method of benchmarking helps in detecting the variances in the financial statements of the organisations and the actual reasons behind the happening of such variances could be ascertained by evaluating the actual causes of these variances. Besides the process of benchmarking, ratio analysis is adjudged as a primary analytical method pertaining to the financial information of the firms. Thus, ratio analysis is of utmost importance for differentiating the financial statements of two or more organisations for preparing the plan of audit (Duncan and Whittington 2014). Explanation: The analytical methods of the organisations in assessing the financial information could result in considerable effect on the creation of the process of audit planning and this is crucial to transfer the financial information among the different departments of the firm. The below-mentioned ratios have been taken into account for meeting the purpose: Particulars 2013 2014 2015 Profit margin 0.068 0.60 0.06 Solvency ratio 0.62 0.44 0.21 Current ratio 1.42 1.46 1.50 According to the above table, the current ratio of DIPL for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 have been obtained as 1.42, 1.46 and 1.50 respectively. Another instance has been depicted in the form of profit margin, which has been 0.068, 0.60 and 0.06 in the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively. This evaluation of profit margin helps in depicting the amount of net profit gained in contrast to the net revenues of DIPL. Moreover, this evaluation of profitability enables the financial experts and accountants to gain an understanding of the overall organisational expenses. Besides this, it has enabled the accountants and financial experts to obtain an overview of the efficiency of the organisational budget coupled with the need for diversification of the organisation (Gist et al. 2015). Thus, it could be evaluated that the evaluation of ratios is a primary tool for the auditors of DIPL. The desirable and undesirable modifications associated with the financial performance and ratios of DIPL enable the auditors to gain an insight about the present financial condition of the organisation. In this context, the instance of solvency evaluation of DIPL has been taken into account. It has been found that the solvency ratio of DIPL has been 0.62, 0.44 and 0.21 in the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively. Such evaluation is valuable for determining the favourable or unfavourable movement of the organisational performance in the upcoming years. The contrast of ratios has its importance in ascertaining the cash flows of the organisations and its adequacy in determining its short-term as well as long-term obligations. In a better fashion, it could be stated that the contrast and evaluation of financial performance and ratios provides the financial analysts and accountants with an opportunity in ascertaining the current financial condition of the organisation over three-year period. Thus, with the help of this analysis, they could ascertain the feasibility of the existing financial position of the organisation. If the financial position of DIPL is not feasible, the management of the firm is required to adopt corrective actions for reinstating its financial position. Due to all such causes, the analytical method associated with the procedure of financial information has considerable significance (Glover,S.M., Prawitt and Messier 2016). Certain factors of risk could be accumulated from the overall business operations of DIPL. In accordance with the provided case, it could be observed that the management or accounts of the organisation have failed to make entry of several business transactions of the organisation. This procedure has direct association with the inconsistencies associated with planning of different sales and marketing tasks of the organisation. Based on the assessment of the different financial statements and reports of the organisation, it could be observed that the organisation has failed to accomplish the targeted level of profit from net revenues. The fundamental reasons include the inappropriateness and inconsistency of the management of the organisation in its business operations. Therefore, it could be stated that the organisation has been unable in measuring the influence of certain macro and micro-economic factors on the overall business functioning of the organisation such as political, social and economic factors. Hence, the declining revenue and profit level of the organisation has resulted in inherent risk for the organisation (Houghton and Campbell 2013). Along with this, the staffs of DIPL have increased rapidly, which has resulted in increased level of inherent risk. Such enhanced level of risk is due to the lack in professionalism and experienced proficiency of the staffs. As commented by Ihendinihu and Robert (2014), the performance of the staffs is a crucial factor for assuring the future growth of an organisation. Thus, the lack of experience and ineffectiveness of the workforce could lead to serious work mistakes resulting in increase in inherent risk. Based on the provided case of DIPL, the issues could be observed in the method of succession of CEO of the firm. Due to this, this procedure results in rise in inherent risks in the context of DIPL. The primary inherent risks could be viewed in effective procedure of choosing the CEO succession of the organisation. Along with this, it could be viewed that the organisation has shortage of employees for managing its entire business operations. This cause results in enhanced level o f inherent risk in the business operations of the organisation. Hence, in accordance with the above evaluation, these are the primary causes of the rise in inherent risks in DIPL (Kend, Houghton and Jubb 2014). It could be observed that the employees of DIPL have huge amount of workload in carrying out their day-to-day tasks. Such additional burden results in accurate records of the organisation and it results in several issues related to cash flow, ineffective operating profit, solvency position and inadequate liquidity position of the organisation. Besides this, the error risk could be viewed in the financial reports because of lack of effective evaluation. Therefore, it is of utmost significance for the management of DIPL in playing a significant role to deal with such issues. These primary issues include lack of accountability and integrity and due to this reason, they have been suffering from the fear of losing reputation in the business community. The greater structure of incentive for management generates additional pressure on management and it results in material misstatement in financial reports and statements (Kilgore 2014). In business organisations, fraud risks are considered as one of the primary risks for the same. Because of the occurrence of fraud risks, the business organisations often experience heavy losses in its overall asset base (Knechel and Salterio 2016). Most of the time in organisations, primary dissatisfaction could be viewed between the workforce and such dissatisfaction often leads them to engage in various types of frauds in organisations. Another fundamental reason of fraud is the expectations related to the various investors of the organisation. As the management of an organisation is often involved in promising a particular level of financial performance, the chance of risk level is increased (Peters and Romi 2014). Types of risk Identification Fraud risk For the business operations of DIPL, the primary risk that could arise from business operations comprises of the involvement of the workers in various kinds of fraudulent activities. This could occur due to the dissatisfaction level of the staffs. Based on the provided case of DIPL, it could be observed that there is enormous pressure from the board of DIPL in order to adopt an effective system of accounting. The adoption of this system develops heavy pressure on the staffs of the organisation and this leads to increased fraud risk (Sanderson 2013). Hence, it could be remarked that for coping up with the reconciliation pressure, the staffs might adopt the path of fraud and they might handle the overall process in an incorrect manner, which would result in material misstatements. From this specific case study, it could be viewed that the procedure of inappropriate handling of the implementation of new information technology results in incorrect recording of few accounting and financia l transactions at the end of a period. This overall procedure might result in loss of material misstatements and financial information (Schmidt, Wood and Grabski 2016). Financial reporting method Except the fraud risk, another primary risk confronting the business operations of DIPL is the financial reporting method. Greater risk of inappropriate financial declarations could be observed in situations of additional financial expectations from different stakeholders for declaring the financial announcements. This is applicable in case of the announcement on the part of the management of the organisation in meeting certain target of performance and goals in order to acquire certain debts (Seow, Lim and Suwardy 2014). The financial reports of DIPL state that the sales of the organisation have increased over the years. In addition, there is rise in gross income and net income of the organisation. The issue has been witnessed in case of current assets and overall asset base of the organisation. According to the case study, it has been observed that the organisation has accumulated a loan of $7.5 million from BDO Finance in 2015. In addition, according to the agreement of loan, DIPL needs to hold a current ratio of 1.5 and debt-to-equity ratio of below 1. The requirement of this particular need might be to develop pressure on the organisation in repaying the loan according to the agreed timeline. Such requirements could result in fraudulent activities, since the management of the organisation could manipulate the financial statements for false depiction of the financial condition of the organisation. If the desired benchmark is not maintained, DIPL might lose its eligibility in acquiring loan from BD O Finance (Vasarhelyi et al. 2014). In accordance with the provided case, it could be witnessed that the process of valuation associated with the raw materials of the organisation based on average cost is ineffective and unsuitable. This is because the average cost is smaller than the present paper cost. The primary risk in the tracking of fraudulent activities of the staffs to implement new system of information technology could be detected through continual review of the tasks in various job phrases. Besides this risk, the risk pertaining to financial reporting could be detected through assessment of the different financial reports and statements of the organisations on the part of the accountants and financial analysts by using control and analytical tools. This monitoring method is required to be made in a timely fashion (William Jr, Glover and Prawitt 2016). References: Chou, D.C., 2015. Cloud computing risk and audit issues.Computer Standards Interfaces,42, pp.137-142. Cohen, J.R. and Simnett, R., 2014. CSR and assurance services: A research agenda.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(1), pp.59-74. Duncan, B. and Whittington, M., 2014, September. Compliance with standards, assurance and audit: Does this equal security?. InProceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks(p. 77). ACM. Gist, W.E., Anderson, U.L., Janvrin, D.J. and Pitman, M.K., 2015. Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on the IESBA ED Release (August 14, 2014), Proposed Changes to Certain Provisions of the Code Addressing the Long Association of Personnel with an Audit or Assurance Client: Participating Committee Members.Current Issues in Auditing,9(1), pp.C18-C22. Glover, S.M., Prawitt, D.F. and Messier, W.F., 2016. Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach 10th. Houghton, K. and Campbell, T., 2013.Ethics and auditing(p. 354). ANU Press. Ihendinihu, J.U. and Robert, S.N., 2014. Role of Audit Education in Minimizing Audit Expectation Gap (AEG) in Nigeria.International Journal of Business and Management,9(2), p.203. Kend, M., Houghton, K.A. and Jubb, C., 2014. Competition issues in the market for audit and assurance services: are the concerns justified?.Australian Accounting Review,24(4), pp.313-320. Kilgore, A., 2014. Audit quality.Managerial Auditing Journal,29(9). Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E., 2016.Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Peters, G.F. and Romi, A.M., 2014. The association between sustainability governance characteristics and the assurance of corporate sustainability reports.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(1), pp.163-198. Sanderson, I., 2013. Tools for IT governance assurance: using recent updates of ISACA's Information Systems Audit and Assurance Standards alongside COBIT 5 can help auditors evaluate their organization's information systems governance.Internal Auditor,70(5), pp.51-54. Schmidt, P.J., Wood, J.T. and Grabski, S.V., 2016. Business in the Cloud: Research Questions on Governance, Audit, and Assurance.Journal of Information Systems,30(3), pp.173-189. Seow, J.L., Lim, C.Y. and Suwardy, T., 2014. Audit Adjustments Matter: Upholding Financial Reporting Quality. Vasarhelyi, M.A., Warren Jr, J.D., Teeter, R.A. and Titera, W.R., 2014. Embracing the Automated Audit: How the Audit Data Standards and Audit Tools Can Enhance Auditor Judgment and Assurance.Journal of accountancy,217(4), p.34. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016.Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education.

Media Consuming Behavior free essay sample

Write about the characteristics of the consumers focusing on media consuming behaviors-Maggie (Meijun he/ 42715032) Researches and studies on media consuming behaviors before making an advertising project are critical because people always begin to aware a product or a brand from mediums no matter on smart phones, laptops or the corner of a street. In this part, consumer behavior on media consuming which focusing on urban lifestyle, cultural factors and technological factors in CBD Sydney will be explained and related Apple shoe’s target audiences. Firstly, the urban lifestyle has fast rhythm that enquires the form of media to be convenient reach. Businessmen and officers are the Apple shoe’s main target audiences. Their activities in the city area must be fast and flexible. They always glance various ads around them rather than spend much time to focus on a long video advertisement or a comprehensive brochure. Actually, most of the information from media may possible be new to them because information changes fast every day and night in cities that it is difficult for media to awake audience without innovative and convenient platform (Zukin S, 1998). We will write a custom essay sample on Media Consuming Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, radio is not a suitable medium that it is not used by many people in the city and does not have visual content. Moreover, the majority of citizens are more likely to purchase products which are advertising around them (Zukin S, 1998). Thus, medium consuming will probably be related to people’s career, class, age. For instant, drivers like to use radio when driving, businessmen like to use newspaper or magazines, teachers like to use website, youngers prefer use smartphones and older people like to use television. Secondly, innovative and fashionable factors should be considered on studying media consuming behavior. Sydney is a multi-cultural city that each person who walking in the main street may has different cultural background. People usually prefer different and new things every day rather than using the traditional medium. Audiences prefer visual and acoustic content on media so that they can be more enjoyable when receiving information (Brace I, Edwards L amp; Nancarrow C, 2002) This require that Apple shoes should consider creative concepts on making visual advertisement. Thirdly, smartphone has become the most popular medium in cities which must be considered carefully by Apple for selling Apple shoe. People no matter what ages prefer to achieve information by smartphone. Advertisements on electronic magazines, apps, website, SMS, e-mails usually be spread in a high speed every day by smartphone because people usually can not leave their smartphone for more than half an hour in modern life.  Therefore, promotions on smartphone have possible opportunities to succeed in marketing process.

buy custom Business Communication essay

buy custom Business Communication essay Business communication is a form of language used in and by the companies (Stuart, Sarow and Stuart, 2007). It can also be described as the internal and external interactions of a given company. Business communication can also be referred to as corporate communication and its perceived in four perspectives. The first one is practitioner perspective, which deals with how to present communication skills in conducting effective meetings, giving presentations, etc. The second is linguistic perspective that focuses on the use of language in and between companies with an aim of understanding how language is put into use during interactions (Cornelissen, 2011). Management perspective is the third one and it deals with management of communication procedures as a way of establishing a pleasing reputation. The last perspective is named multi-disciplinary, which focuses on the relationship existing between various disciplines such as linguistics, sociology, psychology, anthropology and communic ation. Business communication can be formal or informal depending on the matter at hand. Formal communication entails board meetings and progression interviews while informal communication involves telephone calls and colleague meetings. The image of a business in the mind of stakeholders primarily depends on business communication (Cameron, 2000). How the business interacts with its employees, customers, supplies and the publics matters a lot as far as image is concerned. Communication is done in two ways (Pease Pease, 2004). A source must be present, message and medium of transmission, recipient as well as feedback. It is the duty of the sender to formulate a meaningful message that would be perceived in the right way by the recipient. The recipient on the other hand may decide to give a verbal feedback or choose to remain silent, which also has a perceived meaning. Silence is also a means of communication and this paper will try to demonstrate its role on business interactions. The Role of Silence Silence is a form of non-verbal communication where people in organizations pass messages without actually speaking (Koester, 2004). When two people stare at each other for one or two minutes without speaking a word, they are bound to derive messages from each other. Messages may be passed through a persons clothing, facial expressions, sitting position, etc. As much as people try to seize from communicating, a lot of information is being passed between them. However, silence can be perceived to portray a negative message or attribute. This can be well described as a barrier to communication, which is sometimes beneficial to workplace interactions. When one person starts a conversation with another person, he/she expects a response, but when the recipient remains silent it draws mixed reactions and attention to him/her. Silence is also perceived as a non-verbal behaviour that generates clues to the beliefs as well as activities of a particular cultural group. Silence comes in three types, i.e. interactive silence, psychological silence and socio-cultural silence (Nikolaou, Vakola Bourantas, 2011). Psychological silnce is used to help the recipient understand the message, e.g. during a class lecture. Interactive silence occurs when addressees engage in planned pauses during conversation, e.g. pausing to allow the speaker to continue. Socio-cultural silence is interpreted on the basis specific cultural codes, e.g. silence is acceptable in western churches. Silence can be applied in many communication occasions, e.g. a pause in talk, leaving a question unanswered, declining to greet someone, whispering, exercising avoidance and irrelevant talk among others. Silence plays a vital role as far as business interactions are concerned. One does not have to say something in order to communicate (Tuominen, 2007). However, silence leaves one party with an opportunity to perceive the intended meaning conveyed by the recipients silence. The first role of silence is that it puts pressure on the other party once it is applied. Silence in conversation is prohibited in the US society, but it is common in some cultures. This can cause misunderstanding especially when the people communicating are of cultural background. In some cultures, silence is used as a sign of respect, e.g. when a young person wants to communicate with a person of authority, he/she is expected to remain silent until acknowledge. Therapists as well as investigators use silence to put pressure on clients and suspects respectively. When silence is subjected to someone, it acts as a pressure and blurting something out comes automatically even if it wasnt intended. Business management uses this tool during interviewing sessions. An interviewer lets the silence hang in order to find out how the interviewee conducts him/herself. This shows that silence can be of importance once applied in the right situation. The second role of silence is that it can at times indicate hostility and disagreement (McDonald Crawford, 2012). In spite of the fact that indifference wont be portrayed directly, silence would automatically show that the person concerned has negative emotions. When people experience anger, embarrassment or fear, their thinking brain slows down. This makes people unable to speak, unable to find words and enraged. Some people get flooded with emotions especially the teenagers and opt for silence as opposed to talking it out and maintaining the conversation. When this happens, it saves a great deal as silence prevents chaos. In a business sitting, junior staffs who choose to remain silent when angered/offended never quarrel with the top management. They choose to remain silent to contain their fear or embarrassment and to avoid disagreements with their authorities. After remaining silent, the conversation ends since they seize to talk it out and the god thing is that nobody gets offe nded in the end. The third role of silence is where it indicates profoundness such as awe, respect or horror. During a lively conversation, people may hear something that may put them off and render them speechless because it goes beyond boundaries (Grandien Johansson, 2012). An example would be when people talk about a dreadful trauma they have gone through in their life. The response of oh and thats sccary doesnt seem to work and so people fall silent. During interactions in a business setting, people tend to share their life experiences openly and without fear. It is sometimes the duty of the affected person to talk it out in as a way of feeling relieved. However, the listening party becomes tongue-tied when the speakers goes beyond words. After remaining silent, the speaker will perceive that as an act of sympathy and therefore, the conversation will be cut shot, but their relationship status will remain healthy. The fourth role of silence is that it can indicate contemplation. Introverts present in an organization thinks prior to speaking (Tuleja ORourke, 2008). Extroverts on the other hand, discover their thinking and feelings once they talk it out. Introverts take their time to figure out the implication of a situation before they speak or let their voice out. If people in an organization were introverts, then chances of quarrelling and misunderstandings would be reduced to zero. Thinking prior to speaking gives room for emotional control and relief from agitated anger. This means that no one would be in a position to act under the influence of anger and heated emotions. However, some silence can be perceived as an intentional rudeness. Refusing to respond to a communicated message is a form of ignorance. For instance, in the US society extended silence is a sign of rudeness and can result to serious confrontations. To be on the safe side, it is wise to use silence only when it is necessa ry and for a definite time. The fifth role of silence is that it is used to give room for listening. In communication sessions, there must be a speaker and a listener at any given time. When one person is speaking, the other person should be listening and vice versa (Tuleja ORourke, 2008). When listening to someone, an open space is created for them to speak and let it out. Good and experienced people know how to listen and it can be learnt. This openness is created through non-verbal means and managed through the study of emotional intelligence as well as non-verbal communication. When a person is allowed time to speak out his/her feelings, listeners are in a position to understand him/her better and the communication becomes meaningful at the end. Lastly, silence can evoke sympathy. When listening to the misery and speech of other people, there is a tendency of listening keenly to their tone of voice. The varying voice of the speaker enables the listener to perceive what the other person is feeling. This will call for sympathy and shared feelings among people involved. This is important in an organizational setting since members of staff feel for each other and thereby creates an environment characterized with harmony and cohesion. Conclusively, silence can be intentional or unintentional. It is possible for one to communicate with another person by just remaining silent. Silence plays a vital role in business interactions with regard to the organizations welfare. At some point, people mistake silence and tend to perceive the wrong meaning, which is contrary to what the person involved wanted to convey. Buy custom Business Communication essay

Corporate Governance in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Governance in China - Essay Example In china, corporate governance has received much attention in the recent years and there have been debates on how china can develop an effective corporate governance system that can improve the number of listed companies in the country. The issue of corporate governance finds its roots and effect in the stock market which is responsible for listing companies. Before a company is listed in the stock market, it usually undergoes a rigorous process of scrutiny on issue of corporate governance. (Berle and Mean 2003, p. 286) This paper will look closely at the corporate governance in china and relate the practices to one of the company, Sainsbury PLC to see how it can adopt such measure and to look at the extent in which it has been able to integrate such measures in its operation. It will first start by looking at the corporate governance in china and later look at Sainsbury PLC and how the aspect of corporate governance can be implemented in the company. Let us first look at the corporate governance landscape in china. The mandate to improve corporate governance in china has been one of the aims of the government for along time. It started with the making of the stock market which came into being after the opening of the economy about one and a half decade ago. The need to improve the corporate governance landscape has been one of the mandates that the government has taken in developing a financial market that serves the country and the business community alike. In recent past, china has made great strides towards the issue of corporate governance which has been through the relationship of the government and the players in the private sector. Government agencies that have been handling this issue have given various laws, rules, regulation and standard that are aimed at putting in place a firm foundation and a framework for corporate governance in the country. (Kim and Giles 2003, P. 51) In order to understand practice of corporate governance in china, we have to accept that china has been undergoing through a transition process which has seen the development of market-oriented economy from a planned economy although this pace of transition has varied with various sectors. But the biggest challenge that the country has been facing has been on the ground that it has taken to development of the concept when most of the important functioning financial market structures like a well defined legal system, regulatory agencies and others have not been put in place or have not been functioning to the required standards. (Clarke 2003, p. 53) Reports coming from survey on Corporate governance (CG ) in the country shows that there have been marked willingness by many companies in china and many businessmen to develop accepted standard of CG not only for the domestic market but also they have been casting their sights higher than the domestic market. They have shown willingness to improve CG practices like shareholder rights, environmental control, improved level of transparency, empowering of boards, and other practices which are aimed at improving the business landscape of the country. There has been a general recognition that improved CG makes an organization more attractive to the investors and more profitable. Let us look at some of CG practices in china and the recent efforts by

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 10

Strategic management - Essay Example These three important statements serve as a track or guideline and assist each and every individual to work in a way that not only conforms to what organization is intended to do and has stated, but also leads toward successful completion of tasks in a distinctive way. Before getting into the discussion of strategic development it is important to understand the meaning of strategy. According to Dobson et al (2004), it is about achieving competitive advantage through distinctiveness- delivering a unique value addition to the customers, and having a clear view of how to position yourself uniquely in your industry. In order to make the concept clear I will shed light on Red Bull; a famous energy drink on which a lot of work was done in order to tactically develop proper and advantageous market strategies. To tailor this product according to the diverse needs of individuals, they positioned the drink as an energy drink coupled with adventurous advertisements and sponsorship of famous sports known as formula 1 (F1). Whenever an organization plans to make any strategy, it needs to carry out an analysis in a way that not only takes into account the strength and weaknesses of the organization but also the environmental factors that might act as a stimulator or may hinder their performance (Joyce and Woods 2001). This analysis is very much useful and is mandatory to be carried out. Red Bull saw growth potential in western markets and launched their product by making changes in the old THAI product. However, while launching their product they had to face few limitations as well. There was a huge criticism regarding the Red Bull energy drink in terms of its ingredients. When the product was first launched it took about 3 years for the approval of its sales in Austria, however, Hungary became its first foreign market in 1992. The exotic nature of its ingredients was one of the reasons

Define Culture Essay Example for Free

Define Culture Essay â€Å"A person without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.†- Marcus Garvey. This says that a person is defined by his or her culture by the way he/she acts, thinks, and speaks. A person is defined by his or her culture by the way he or she thinks. A person see’s the world differently so the way they think and act would be distinct. They would think differently because of the different backgrounds that they have. In the story â€Å"Imagine†, it says â€Å"you may say I’m a dreamer, but I’m not the only one. I hope someday you’ll join us and the world will live as one†. John Lennon explains how people think he’s different because of what he is. He also says how people aren’t all the same but he wishes that one day we were. He wishes that one day we will all see the world the same and we would be the same. A person is defined by his or her culture by the way he or she’s history, family tree, and he or she’s way of life. A person is defined by his or her culture because it effects the way they act or speak. In the story â€Å"Where I’m From,† George States â€Å"leaf fall from the family tree† This example from the text explains that every detail, moment, or where she is from in the poem is from her family tree. It’s saying the poem are moments or cultural things that effected her or shaped her as a person. The things she shares in the poem are all from her families history or culture (family tree). Although others may argue that culture doesn’t effect your education, other people don’t always agree,because their culture has taught them everything they know.An example on how culture defines your education is that people can attend any school , but when they are being taught, they realize that it is different from what they know. In the story, â€Å"An Indian Father’s Plea,† the protagonist argues, â€Å"My son is culturally â€Å"different.† If you ask him how many months are in a year he will probably tell you 13. He will respond this way not because he doesn’t know how to count but because he was taught by our people that there are 13 full moons in a year.† This quote demonstrates that even though he is Indian, he is culturally different because his culture has taught him what he knows. Your families history, education, and your view or the way you think all contribute on how your culture defines you. It’s obvious that any person would benefit from he or she’s culture.

Affirmation :: essays research papers

Affirmation is defined as a recognition of political, personal, cultural values and identity. The Puritans, African Americans, and Native Americans affirmed their identity in Colonial America through: oral traditions, songs, and rituals. This is the reason they are studied all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Puritans affirmed their identity through their religious beliefs, utopian ideas and theocracy. The Puritans had a storyteller who spoke of their genealogy. Since these stories were based on the bible, most of the listeners (children) were isolated from the reality of life. They grew up with their same beliefs as their parents, grandparents, and elders. All Puritans were considered sinned because of the teachings on the bible. However, they believed in predestination (only those people, â€Å"the elect† by God are saved and go to Heaven) yet the other Puritans continued to value the bible and obtained good citizenship. The Puritans respected hard work and had a distrust of leisure, a suspicion that the poor are shiftless which is said to have contributed to their downfall. When the Puritans escaped Europe from its Religious persecution and came to the colonies, they dreamed of becoming a utopian society. This society was also looked at as â€Å"the city on top of the hull† probably expressing the point of view the Puritans had of themselves. They used their theocracy (belief that the bible was the supreme authority) to complete their utopian society and has been debuted by historians if they achieved their dream. The Puritans did affirm their beliefs by their storytelling, by their genealogists, their theocracy, and the achievement of their utopian society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enslaved African-Americans affirmed their identity through their developmental resistance towards slavery, sacred songs and their storytelling. Storytelling has existed in many cultures, but existed for different reasons than that of the Puritans. Survival skills folk wisdom and hope, were the most common reasons and were important to their everyday survival. Mr. Rabbit and Mr. Bear is one of many stories told by the griot (genealogist) which focuses on hope that the Enslaved African-Americans will one day be a trickster like Mr. Rabbit and escaped slavery; like the Rabbit escaped being hung from a tree. After a long bitter life, the Enslaved African-Americans began to imagine and dream of freedom. Most slaves had learned to speak English and sang. Having been a slave herself, Harriet Tubman, helped other slaves escape by using her songs to guide them North, thus becoming the founder of the Underground railroad; by her will to give and her heroism, she is still re membered and her determination inspires people still today.

Banking Industry in Bangladesh: Its Contribution and Performance

Journal of Business Research, vol. 3, 2001 This article is brought to you by www. bdresearch. org Banking Sector in Bangladesh: Its Contribution and Performance Sharif Rayhan Siddique* A F M Mafizul Islam** Abstract: The paper attempted to highlight the prospects and opportunities of banking sector in Bangladesh. Like other economic sector in the country, Banking is one of major sectors which contribute to the national economy. The study tried to furnish the overview of the performances of banking sector and also find out the comparison among the various categories of banks with respect to the Profitability.Finally, the paper tried to establish the linear relationship among the various variables and net profit of the banking sector. 1. Introduction Banking sector of Bangladesh is one of the major sectors, which contributes significantly to the national economy. The sector comprises a number of banks in various categories. Considering ownership the sector can be classified in to four major categories – such as Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs), Specialized Banks (SPBs), Private Commercial Banks (PCBs), and Trans-National Banks (TNBs). The list of banks under different categories is furnished in the appendix – A.The study has been initiated to analyze the contribution of this sector and its profitability. This paper attempts to provide an overview of the contribution of the sector in national economy. The paper also analyzes the profitability of different categories of banks. Finally a regression analysis has been done to examine the relationship between the profitability and other variables. 2. Contribution of the Banking sector in National Economy Economic development – of the country is executed by the contribution of various economic sectors. Like agriculture, industries, power, transport, rade service, etc. , banking sector also has a contribution to the economic growth. In mid 80s Banking and Insurance contributed 1. 69% of GDP and g radually the figure was increasing. The maximum contribution was 2. 09% of GDP in the year 1993 and it was 2. 00% in 1996-971 Average growth rate of this contribution was 1. 51% of GDP, which shows a positive trend. Again, the sector makes a positive impact on the economic development by generating employment. In the year 1980 total number of employees in this sector was 59,235 but with in 15 years of time the figure shoot approximately double to 101,444. The average growth rate of employment generation was 3. 76% (1980-1995). Countries like Bangladesh have a burden of its unemployment, where as banking sector still keep certain impact on employment generation. __________________________ * Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka. ** Associate Professor, Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka. 1 Calculated from the data collected from Economic Trend, December 1997. 2 Ibid. 2 Banking Sector in Bangladesh: Its Contribution and P erformance Branches of the banks were also growing significantly.Increasing branches indicate a wide service provider to the population of Bangladesh. Overall growth rate of the bank branches was 2. 11% (1980-1995). But before 1990 the rate was 3. 00% and after 1990 it was 0. 92%. In early 80s for the first time Government of Bangladesh (GOB) allowed private sector to operate commercial banks. At that time number of bank branches was growing rapidly. In the early 90s this growth rate was reduced, which may be because of the saturation stage. Individuals and business organizations used to deposit their savings in the bank and borrow money form it.More the bank branches more people can be covered to avail them in banking services. Average population per branch was 19,875 during the period from 1984 to 1995. Because of the higher population growth rate (2. 22%),3 in spite of increasing branches, the population per branch was also increasing. Commercial banks are one of the profit makin g organizations, they are also making money by investing their deposits to the profitable venture through lending to the entrepreneurs. Commercial banks earn money from interest for loan and commissions and service charges for the services and it incurred expenditure as well.Average profit per taka of expenditure was 0. 10. Before 1991 this figure was quite good, but after 1991 the ratio was negative up to 1993. Maximum figure was in the year 1982 that was 0. 23 and minimum was -0. 04 in the year 1991. Recently the ratio became 0. 07 in the year 1995. During 1991 to 1993 net profit was negative. i. e. commercial banks spent more than earning but again they improved the situation by reducing their expenditure compared to income. Banks' income generated by the positive efforts of their employees.Efficient employees can earn more which observed a positive impact to profit generation. Income per employee can be one of the indicators of commercial banks' performance. Average income per e mployee from 1980 to 1995 was Tk. 227,046, i. e. per employees' contribution to income was more than Tk. 2 lacs. The ratio was increasing significantly with the average growth rate of 12%, to Tk. 371,297 in the year 1995. A country leads itself to the economic development by investing and producing more in the local area. Investment can be ensured through increased savings rate.Monetization ratio indicates a positive impact to the economic growth. This ratio is Broad Money to GDP. Average monetization ratio was 28% of GDP, and it was growing significantly from 17% in the year 1981 to 35% in the year 1995. 4 Commercial banks, as a whole, performing well and contributing to the economic development of the country. The average profitability of all banks collectively was 0. 09% during 1980 to 1995, which means profit Tk. 0. 09 earned by utilizing assets of Tk. 100. In every aspect of profit, banking sector contributes to national economy as well as to the individual organization.Despite overall growth of the banking sector was positive, but the performances of different categories of banks were not equally attractive. Following section would compare analytically the performances of various categories of banks. _____________________________________________ 3 4 Calculated from the data collected from Statistical Yearbook, 1996. Ibid. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 3, 2001 3 3. Profitability of the Different Categories of Banks: A Comparative Analysis Main focus of this comparison on net profit earned by the banks.Profit ratio, profit per taka of expenditure, profit per employee, profit per branch, profit per advance account, profit per taka of investment, profit per taka of deposit (savings), and per capita profit earned by the banks will be the variables for this analysis. Various groups of banks have different performances in terms of profit. Average measures were calculated for different categories of banks over the period from 1980 to 1995. 3. 1 Profit Ratio In case of profitability, i. e. amount of profit per Tk. 100 of asset. The ratio indicates the effective utilization of assets.Performance of the organization can be expressed by this ratio. Average profitability ratios for the various categories of banks during 1980 to 1995 were exhibited in the table below: Table 1: Profit Ratio for Various Banks Banks Profit Ratio (%) NCBs 0. 08 SPBs -0. 32 PCBs 0. 13 TNBs 0. 71 Over all 0. 09 Source: Adopted from data in Appendix – B. The table indicated the performances in terms of utilization of assets in generating profit TNBs were the best. Specialized Banks had a very worst situation in utilizing of their assets, by showing negative average net profit.Though as of 1990 net profits were increasing positively, but from 1991 to 1995 these net profit were gradually decreased to negative because of their declining income. On the other hand TNBs performance was excellent as compared to overall banks performance. Average growth rate of net profit for TNBs was 39%, which was extremely good. 3. 2 Profit per Taka of Expenditure Banks earned profit by incurring expenditure for their operations. Effective usage of financial resources led to a commendable profit situation. â€Å"How much profit earned by spending one taka† is the measure of efficiency of an organization.Following table shows net profit per taka of expenditure for the different banks Table 2 : Profit per Taka of Expenditure for Various Banks Banks Profit per taka of expenditure (Tk. ) NCBs 0. 029 SPBs -0. 092 PCBs 0. 033 TNBs 0. 307 Overall 0. 10 Source: Adopted from data in Appendix – B. 4 Banking Sector in Bangladesh: Its Contribution and Performance Over all average profit was Tk. 0. 1 by incurring expenditure of Tk. 1. i. e. average return on expenditure was 10%. But in case of individual performance SPBs had negative average return on expenditure (-9. %), on the other hand TNBs performance (30. 7%) was above the industry average. Other th an these two NCBs and PCBs both had vulnerable situation. 3. 3 Profit per Employee Effective utilization of human resources produces higher return. Earned more profit by few numbers of employee indicates commendable performance of the banks and human efficiency. Since the nature of the industry is service oriented, so human efficiency depends on intellectual abilities of the employees. Following table shows the comparison among various banks Table 3 : Profit per Employee for Various BanksBanks Profit per employee (Tk. ) NCBs 4,538 SPBs -34,216 PCBs 9,659 TNBs 285,659 Over all 12,88 Source: Adopted from data in Appendix – B. Over all profit per employee was Tk. 12,880, i. e. each employee's average contribution to the net profit was Tk. 12,880 in a year. TNBs as compared with overall, the figure was extremely good (Tk. 285,659). There are two indications for this picture, one is TNBs had highly efficient employees, and other is less number of employees. On the other hand excep t SPBs (which had negative figure), NCBs average profit per employee was Tk. ,538, which was far below from TNBs, even below from overall performance, which shows un-utilized human resources. 3. 4 Profit per Branch All categories of banks have numbers of branches covering wide range of the population of the country. To provide service to the wide range of people, banks have to establish multiple branches. Contribution to the total profit of different branches was varied, depending on the amount of deposits and advances. Table below expresses average profit contribution by the branches. Table 4 : Profit per Branch for Various Banks Banks Profit per branch (Tk. ) NCBs 6,205 SPBs -491,827 PCBs 181,548 TNBs 13,171,737 Over all 210,481 Source: Adopted from data in Appendix – B. 5 Banking Sector in Bangladesh: Its Contribution and Performance Considering all commercial banks in Bangladesh, these were earned on an average Tk. 0. 064 from investing one taka. The average Return on Inv estment (ROI) was not inadequate (6. 4%) as compared to any business. In case of TNBs this rate was very attractive (12. 7%), but except SPBs, both NCBs and PCBs had 1. 2% and 2. 5% respectively. 3. 7 Per Capita Profit Commercial banks are operating countrywide by offering services.Accumulating funds and distributing them to entrepreneur was the main function of commercial banks. Wider area coverage makes the commercial bank more comfortable in terms of operation. Per capita profit earned by the commercial bank would indicate overall economic strength of banking system. Average profit gained per head can be expressed in the table below: Table 7 : Per Capita Profit for Various Banks Banks Per Capita Profit (Tk. ) NCBs 2. 53 SPBs -5. 25 PCBs 1. 46 TNBs 2. 51 Over all 10. 66 Source: Adopted from data in Appendix – B. Average profit per individual in the country for all banks was Tk. 0. 66, i. e. banking sector earns over Tk. 10 per head. But using same coverage for different cat egories of banks, the picture would be different. In case of NCBs operation they gained on an average Tk. 2. 53 per individual, where as TNBs earned Tk. 2. 51 per head. Apparently these two figures were same but considering the coverage in terms of number of branches, NCBs have 170 time more branches than TNBs. 3. 8 Overall Situation Considering all variables regarding profit, TNBs were doing extraordinarily good operation in this sector. Because of the policies and managements TNBs performance was better.Keeping TNBs aside, PCBs performance comparatively better. As far as the ownership was concerned both NCBs and SPBs were same. PCBs started their operations in 1982, before the Government of Bangladesh controlled that total financial sector. But after allowing private sectors to operate commercial banks, PCBs were gradually capturing the market share. Surprisingly SPBs had negative performances in every aspect because of their negative net profit. 4. Relationship of Profit With Oth er Variables In the above section comparison of profitability among various groups of banks has been discussed.But it was desired to know about the sensitivity of profit on various variables. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 3, 2001 6 Multiple regression analysis has been done to analyze the relationship between net profit as dependent variable and asset, expenditure, number of employees, number of branches, number of advance accounts, investment, time deposit are as independent variables. In this paper it was assumed that the relationship among the variables was linear, which is ? = A + B? + C? + D? + E? + F? + G? + H? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. i) where, ? is net profit ? is number of employees ? is amount of expenditure ? is number of branches ? is amount of investment ? is amount of asset ? is amount of time deposit ? is number of advance accounts A is constant The following section e xpressed the determination of coefficient of the independent variables, which indicate the degree of influences on net profit by corresponding variables. 4. 1 Regression Result Based on data provided in appendix – C, the values of coefficients and constant were calculated and also found the relationship among them.Multiple linear regression equation is expressed in equation (ii). ? = – 68459+0. 002 ? -0. 186 ? +0. 159? -0. 084? +0. 003? +0. 133 ? -1. 03Ãâ€"10-6?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (ii) Above linear equation shows that some of the independent variables have positive relationship and others have negative. Amount of expenditure, amount of investment and number of advance accounts all have negative relationship with net profit. On the other hand amount of asset, number of employees, number of branches and amount of time deposit have positive relationship with net profit.Further, the strength of the relationship among the variables measured by the coefficient of determination (r2). The value was calculated as 0. 89, indicating very strong relationship. Therefore, the independent variables collectively may play important role on earning net profit in the banking sector as a whole. 4. 2 Scope to Improve of Profit In the equation (ii), it was evident that some of the independent variables have positive impact on net profit, though the degree of influences was very low. Net profit may increases by increasing values, which have positive relations.From equation (ii), it was 7 Banking Sector in Bangladesh: Its Contribution and Performance clear that number of employee, number of branches, amount of asset and amount of time deposit have positive relations with net profit. From above relationship, it can be explained that if number of employee increased by one, the net profit will increase by Tk. 0. 002 crores, i. e. every 1,000 employees can contribute Tk. 2 crores to net profit. This indicated that there might be still opportunities to generate employment in th is sector and can contribute to the national economy.Again number of branches has also positive impact on net profit. Equation (ii) reflects that increase in one branch may increase net profit by the amount of Tk. 0. 159 crores, which also testifies that there was still scope to increase branches. In Bangladesh there were opportunities to establish branches in the rural areas where lots of business potentials were looking for the banking service. Another variable the amount of asset has positive relationship with net profit. Even it has very little influences on profit; every Tk. 1,000 crores of assets would increase net profit by the amount of Tk. 3 crores.Therefore, it was apparent that there was still room to increase the amount of asset to earn more profit. Finally, the amount of time deposit was other variable, which has positive influences on net profit. Coefficient of this variable in equation (ii) was 0. 133, this indicated that every Tk. 1,000 crores increase in time deposi t would increase profit by the amount of Tk. 133 crores. Analyzing above relationship, time deposit has stronger influences on net profit. Therefore, banking sector as a whole may increase their contribution to national economy if the amount of time deposit was increased.Analyzing the regression equation it was clear that some of the independent variables have positive control over the generation of net profit, and also might increase the contribution of the banking sector to national economy by increasing the values of those variables. 5. Conclusion The performance of the banking sector in terms of net profit varies in various groups of bank. The study revealed that in every aspect, TNBs had a commendable performance. But comparing among other groups of banks (NCBs, SPBs, and PCBs), PCBs had preferred achievement aiming profit. On the other hand Specialized Banks in Bangladesh had a very poor performance.This meager activity affected the overall banking sector's performance. The co mparison among various categories of banks has been done on the basis of the profit with respect to some other variables. The study also revealed the relationship among the dependent variable and independent variables. The equation (ii) shows the weights of the independent variables that influences net profit of the banking sector. Finally, the paper intended to identify the scopes and opportunities of the factors by which over all net profit might increase, and contribute to the national economy.Journal of Business Research, Vol. 3, 2001 8 References 1. Mohammad Moqbul Hossain Bhuiyan. (1995). Managerial Effectiveness of Private Commercial Banks : A Comparative Study. Journal of Business Studies, Vol. XVI, No-1, June. 2. Sujit Ranjan Saha. (1996). Ancillary Business and Profitability of Banks : Trends and Prospects. Bank Parikrama. Vol. XXI, Nos – 1 & 2, March & June. 3. Taufic Ahmad Choudhury and others. (1994). Comparative Characteristics of Profit Earning and Loss Incurri ng Rural Bank Branches in Bangladesh. Bank Parikrama. Vol. XIX, Nos – 3 & 4, September & December. 4.Abdul Ghafar Ismail. (1993). Deregulation and Bank Behaviour in Mixed markets. The Asian Economic Review. Vol. XXXV, No – 2, August. 5. Dipendra Sinha. (1996). Savings and Economic Growth in India. The Asian Economic Review. Vol. XXXVIII, No – 3, December. 6. Amar Chand Kaushik. (1996). Impact Study of Regional Rural Bank's Credit on Income Generation an d Poverty Alleviation in Rural Haryana. The Asian Economic Review. Vol. XXXVIII, No – 1, April. 7. David Lynch. (1996). Measuring Financial Sector Development : A Study of Selected Asia-Pacific Countries. The Developing Economics. Vol.XXXIV, No – 1, March. 8. Schiller, Bradley R. (1994). The Macro Economy Today. Sixth Edition. McGrawHill Inc. , New York, USA. 9. McConnell, Campbell R. and Brue, Stanley L. (1993). Macro Economics. Twelfth Edition. McGraw-Hill Inc. , New York, USA. 10. Fischer, Stanle y. , Dornbusch, Rudiger. And other. (1988). Introduction to Macroeconomics. 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill, New York, USA. 11. Department of Statistics. (1997). Monthly Economic Trends. Bangladesh Bank. December. 12. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (1997). Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 1996. Seventeenth Edition. November. 9Banking Sector in Bangladesh: Its Contribution and Performance Appendix – A List of Banks: [a] Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs) Agrani Bank Janata Bank Sonali Bank Rupali Bank Ltd. [b] Specialized Banks (SPBs) Bangladesh Krishi Bank Bangladesh Shilpa Bank Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank [c] Private Commercial Banks (PCBs) Arab Bangladesh Bank Ltd. Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. National Bank Ltd. The City Bank Ltd. IFIC Bank Ltd. United Commercial Bank Ltd. Pubali Bank Ltd. Uttara Bank Ltd. Al-Baraka Bank Bangladesh Ltd. BSIC Bangladesh Ltd. Eastern Bank Ltd. National Credit and Commerce Bank Ltd.Prime Bank Ltd. Southeast Bank Ltd. Dhaka Bank Ltd. Al-Arafah I slami Bank Ltd. Social Investment Bank Ltd. Dutch-Bangla Bank Ltd. [d] TNBs Hanil Bank Hongkong Bank Society General Bank American Express Bank Ltd. ANZ Grindlays Bank Plc. S tandard Chartered Bank State Bank of India Habib Bank Ltd. Citi Bank N A Banque Indosuez National Bank of Pakistan Muslim Commercial Bank Ltd. J ournal of Business Research, Vol. 3, 2001 10 Appendix – B Various Data for PCBs Year 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Advance Assets Net Profit Expenditure Employees BranchesAccounts (cror (cror Tk. ) (cror Tk. ) (no. ) (no. ) (no. ) Tk. ) 82 2132 1877 8 173 11562 628 8429 5202 14 245 11813 653 283320 6381 16 281 12756 693 267393 7768 22 366 13552 715 178460 7208 25 438 14810 771 160220 9072 14 594 16107 824 160834 9514 2 682 16916 865 165290 11059 (11) 765 17486 902 169549 12445 (8) 886 18034 942 84913 15502 12 819 17826 943 90599 15783 16 865 18806 1000 102055 24190 72 907 19777 1047 117985 26794 Various Data for TNBs Net A dvance Expenditure Employees Branches Year Profit Accounts (cror Tk. ) (no. ) (no. ) (cror Tk. ) (no. ) 1980 3 20 912 21 1882 1981 8 25 984 21 542 1982 11 32 999 21 2910 1983 12 45 1061 20 2888 1984 15 62 1042 20 3098 1985 18 77 1051 20 3610 1986 14 98 1064 22 3929 1987 22 119 1114 22 4144 1988 21 146 1124 22 4887 1989 7 147 1123 22 3971 1990 18 154 1135 22 3890 1991 25 99 789 18 2355 1992 38 65 826 18 2463 1993 54 92 826 18 3969 1994 68 106 888 19 6329 1995 90 146 926 23 9215 Investment (cror Tk. ) 76 293 346 327 396 506 554 787 750 653 879 1266 1439 Assets Investment (cror Tk. ) (cror Tk. ) 757 1280 1526 1476 1848 2281 2887 3245 4330 4697 4694 5575 4297 4377 5832 7111 51 70 109 118 156 163 177 196 300 279 358 340 228 203 260 266 Related article: Padma Bridge

Classification Tests for Hydrocarbons - 1410 Words

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